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  • #23675

    İngilizcede Yaygın olarak kullanılan
    Propozişınlar ve anlamları
    • At- de, da
    • İn- de, da, içinde
    • On- üzerinde, üstünde
    • To- (eğer to isim tamlamasının önünde geliyor ise) e, a, ı
    • To- (eğer to bir fiilin önünde geliyor ise) için nadiren ise e, a, ı
    • With- ile, le, birlikte
    • Within- içinde, içerisinde
    • İnto- içine, içerisine
    • Onto- üstüne, üzerine
    • About- hakkında, civarında, yaklaşık
    • Through- yoluyla, kanalıyla
    • Through out- boyunca, süresince
    • Via- yoluyla, kanalıyla

    • Or- veya
    • And- ve
    • Of- ın, in, nın, nin
    • During- esnasına, sırasında
    • From- den, dan
    • By- ile, yoluyla, vasıtasıyla, kanalıyla

    İngilzcede Basit Tercüme Şekli
    • Vitamin and mineral therapies are useful for this disease.

    • Drugs known to affect taste or smell should be removed for this trial.

    The efficacy of tonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis in children has been well-studied, but similar data are lacking for adults.

    • Enteroviral infections accompanied by
    a rash can be differentiated in some instances by accompanying respiratory or gastrointestinal manifestations and the absence of retroauricular lymphadenopathy.

    • Example: You don’t (do not) have enough money to go to a movie tonight.

    • You want to borrow some from your roommate.

    • ME: There’s (is) a movie I really want to see tonight, but I’m (am) running a little low on money right now.

    • Could I borrow a few dollars?

    • My Roommate: Sure. No problem.

    • How much do you need?

    • Your roommate is making a sandwich and it looks delicious..

    • You would like to have one, but you don’t feel like going to the trouble of making one yourself.

    • You are in a fast-fod restaurant and want to sit down to eat your lunch.

    • The only empty seat you can seat is at a table where the people are eating and are having a lively conversation.

    • Paul just arrived at work and remembered that he left the stove burner on under the coffee pot back in his apartment.

    • His neighbor Jack has a key to the front door, and Paul knows that Jack hasn’t left for work yet.

    • He telephones Jack for help.

    • A man and women are having dinner in a restaurant and discussing bussiness.

    • The man gets up and bumps the table, spilling a plate of food onto the women’s lap.

    • He needs help from the waiter standing nearby.
    • You have to write a research paper for your biology class.

    • You have never used the library and don’t know how to find the books you need.

    • You need assistance from the librarian.

    • Carol and Larry are going out for the evening.

    • They are in a hurry and don’t have time to give the children baths and get them ready for bed.

    • They would like the babysitter to do this.

    You had been driving along the highway when suddenly you had flat tire, so you pulled over to the shoulder and stopped the car.

    • You opened the trunk and discovered that you had no jack and could not change the tire.

    • A car pulled up behind you and a man got out and asked if you needed help.

    • You need help in understanding some of the problems in your physics class, and your friend is the best student in the class.

    • Likewise, she needs help in preparing for German exam, and you are the best student in German class.

    • You need to work out an arrangement together.

    • Phosphorus (P) is an essential ingredient in animal and plant production;

    • however too much or too little P can be a problem both for animal production and the environment.

    • The major portion of phosphorus (P) in diets containing plant ingredients, including corn and soybean is present in the form of phytate, which is largely unavailable in monogastric animals.

    • therefore , Inorganic or non-phytate P is added in the feed to meet the demands, which creates an additional cost to poultry producers.

    • Moreover, unavailable phytate P is excreted in the manure, and may cause manure to contain more P than plants can use.

    • Phytase, an enzyme of microbial origin, can increase the availability of phytate P.

    • It has been also reported that phytase can significantly improve the utilization of the essential amino acid in broilers fed soybean meal basal diets.

    • It has been reported that phytase additions (from 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and up to 1200 U microbial phytase/kg diet) linearly increased body-weight gain, feed intake, toe ash percentage, and apparent retention (% of intake) or total amount (g/bird) of retained Ca and P, and linearly decreased (P < 0.01) P excretion (g/kg of DM intake) at each level of none-Phytate with the magnitude of the response inversely related to the level of none-Phytate in broiler fed corn soybean based diet. • Plasma concentrations of phosphorus and calcium are also influenced by dietary phosphorus concentrations and the presence or not of exogenous phytase. • The inclusion of phytase enzyme to diets with a low concentration of none-phytate phosphorus increases the coefficient of phosphorus retention and reduced the presence of this element in broiler excreta by up to 45%. • However, contrary to these reports, the addition of dietary phytase to corn-soybean diet containing less phosphorus than the NRC recommendation did not improve either body weight gain or feed intake, • but it did increase toe and tibia ash and plasma inorganic phosphorus in broiler chickens, growing quails and guinea fowl.
    • Drug rashes may be extremely difficult to differentiate from the rash of rubella.

    • Rubella may be confused with the mild types of scarlet fever and rubeola.

    • The construction crew might finish the bridge in time for the holiday traffic.

    • Rashes can occur with many other viral infections.

    • A rash can be differentiated in some instances by accompanying respiratory or gastrointestinal manifestations.

    • A recent unintended weight loss of 5 kg or more than 5 % of usual weight should prompt efforts to diagnose the underlying disorder or social circumstance.

    • Weight loss in excess of 10 % of usual weight should be considered to represent protein-energy malnutrition.

    • The children should have said ‘thank you’ to you when you gave them their gifts.

    • The therapeutic program must provide active treatments for currently symptomatic problems, such as arthritis.

    • Genetic counseling must be done based on an understanding of genetic principles.

    • I can’t find the grocery list, Gail must have taken it.

    • Could I borrow a few dollars?

    • I could barrow a few dollars if you have.

    • Four patients could not be assessed because they did not attend the first follow-up visit.

    • Tom could have asked us to help him move.

    • They would like the babysitter to do this.

    • I would love to be father to him.

    • Would you mind finishing the work by yourself?

    • You must (have to) finish your homework on this project before you go on vacation. You will probably lose your job if you don’t.

    • Soldiers can’t disobey a superior officer.

    • Soldiers don’t have to disobey a superior officer.

    • Soldiers must not disobey a superior officer.

    • Soldiers should not disobey a superior officer.

    • Soldiers may not disobey a superior officer.

    • Because similar symptoms and rashes can occur with many other viral infections, rubella is a difficult disease to diagnose clinically except when the patient is seen during an epidemic.

    • A history of having had rubella or rubella vaccine is unreliable;
    • immunity should be determined by antibody testing.

    • Particularly in its more severe forms, rubella may be confused with the mild types of scarlet fever and rubeola.

    • Roseola infantum is distinguished by a higher fever and the appearance of the rash at the end of the febrile episode rather than at the height of the signs and symptoms.

    • Infectious mononucleosis may have a rash but is associated with generalized lymphadenopathy and characteristic atypical lymphocytosis.

    • Enteroviral infections accompanied by a rash can be differentiated in some instances by accompanying respiratory or gastrointestinal manifestations and the absence of retroauricular lymphadenopathy.

    • Drug rashes may be extremely difficult to differentiate from the rash of rubella, but the characteristic enlargement of the lymph nodes strongly supports a diagnosis of rubella.
    • Alzheimer’s disease, the leading cause of senile dementia, is characterized by a selective neuronal degeneration affecting the hippocampus resulting in progressive memory loss, impairments in behavior, language and visual-spatial skills, and ultimately, death.

    • Despite a multitude of studies aimed at forestalling the progression and onset of Alzheimer’s disease, current therapeutic management strategies for patients with Alzheimer’s disease have been limited to palliative treatment of symptoms.

    • Unfortunately, this approach has only met with minimal success and, even with state of the art at pharmaceutical intervention, continued and progressive cognitive decline in patients is inevitable.

    • To date, the major obstacle in managing the disease and designing a rationale for therapeutic targets is our incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease.
    • Drugs known to affect taste or smell should be removed for a trial.

    • Vitamin and mineral therapies are of unproven benefit.

    • A recent unintended weight loss of 5 kg or more than 5 % of usual weight should prompt efforts to diagnose the underlying disorder or social circumstance.

    • Weight loss alone does not distinguish the composition of tissue loss, which can range from 25 to 30 % lean tissue in semistarvation to 50 % lean tissue loss following starvation plus injury.

    • Therefore, unintentional weight loss of more than 5 kg indicates a need for thorough nutritional assessment.

    • Weight loss in excess of 10 % of usual weight should be considered to represent protein-energy malnutrition that will impair physiologic function, particularly muscle strength and endurance.

    • Weight loss in excess of 20 % should be considered severe protein-energy
    • malnutrition that will substantially impair most organ systems.

    • If major elective surgery is planned, such individuals would benefit from adequate feeding preoperatively.

    • If radiotherapy is planned, adequate feeding during therapy with the use of supplemental formulas, tube feeding, or parenteral nutrition (in that
    • order) is indicated.
    • The most frequently encountered causes of loss of smell are congenital abnormalities, viral infections, head injuries that sever the neurons crossing through the cribriform plate, and normal aging.

    • Patients can lose their sense of smell not only from chronic allergies and sinusitis but also from the nasal sprays and drops that they use to treat these conditions.

    • The most common causes of loss of the sense of taste are viral infections and drug ingestion, particularly antirheumatic and antiproliferative drugs.

    • Many of the systemic disorders probably have their effect by decreasing the rate of turnover of sensory receptors on the tongue and olfactory epithelia.

    • Disturbances of smell and taste in malnourished patients may be due to specific deficiencies in vitamins and minerals, such as zinc.

    • Viral illnesses such as influenza and viral hepatitis produce disorders of both taste and smell.

    • Multifocal neurologic disorders such as multiple sclerosis can affect the central olfactory and gustatory pathways at multiple levels, and therefore
    • abnormalities of taste and smell are common in such patients.

    • Treatment of olfactory dysfunction due to nasal disease is aimed at opening the air passageways while preserving the olfactory epithelium.

    • Intranasal steriods, antibiotics, and allergic therapies are useful in selected cases.
    • Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

    • It is usually acquired by sexual contact with another infected individual.

    • Syphilis is remarkable among infectious diseases in its large variety of clinical presentations.

    • It progresses, if untreated through primary, secondary, and tertiary stages.

    • The early stages (primary and secondary) are infectious.

    • Spontaneous healing of early lesions occurs, followed by a long latent period.

    • In about 30 % of untreated patients, late disease of the heart, central nervous system, or other organs ultimately develops.

    • At one time this disease was termed “the great imitator.”

    • Although the disease is less common now than previously, it remains a great challenge to the clinician because of its protein manifestations and is of great interest to biologists as well because of the long and tenuous balance between the host and the invading spirochete.

    • Complications of streptococcal pharyngitis and malignant forms of scarlet fever have been less common in the antibiotic era.

    • Even before antibiotics became available, necrotizing fasciitis and myositis were not described in association with scarlet fever.

    • During the last 30 to 40 years, outbreaks of scarlet fever in the Western world have been notably mild, and the illness has been referred to as “pharyngitis with a rash” or “benign scarlet fever”.

    • The fatal or malignant forms of scarlet fever have been described as either septic or toxic.

    • “Septic scarlet fever” refers to patients who develop local invasion of the soft tissues of the neck and complications such as upper airway obstruction, otitis media with perforation, meningitis, mastoiditis, invasion of the jugular vein or carotid artery, and bronchopneumonia.

    • “Toxic scarlet fever” is rare today, but historically patients initially developed severe sore throat, marked fever, delirium, skin rash, and painful cervical lymph nodes.

    • In severe toxic cases, fevers of 41ºC, pulses of 130 to 160 beats per minute, severe headache, delirium convulsions, little if any skin rash, and death within 24 hours were common.

    • These cases occurred before the advent of antibiotics, antipyretics, and anticonvulsants, and sudden deaths were the result of uncontrolled seizures and hyperpyrexia.

    • In contrast, children with septic scarlet fever had prolonged courses and ceased 2 to 3 weeks after the onset of pharyngitis.

    The second most common form of mastacytosis is that associated with a hematologic disorder, in which examination of the bone marrow and peripheral blood reveals the hematologic abnormality.

    The prognosis in these patients is determined by the associated hematologic disorder.

    The third category of mast cell disease is mast cell leukemia; it is the rarest form and has the most fulminant behavior.

    Mast cell leukemia is distinguished by its unique pathologic and clinical
    picture.

    The peripheral blood smear shows immature mast cells.

    Mastocytosis is a interesting disease characterized by an abnormal increase in mast cells in the bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, and skin.

    Mastocytosis may present in any age group and demonstrates a slight male predominance.

    The prevalence of the disease is unknown.

    Familial occurrence is unusual. The disease is divided into four categories on the basis of clinical presentation, pathologic findings, and prognosis.

    Patients in the first category have a good prognosis, whereas patients in the other three groups do poorly.

    Indolent mastocytosis is divided into two subgroups: those with isolated skin involvement and those with systemic disease.

    In most cases such patients gradually accrue more mast cells with progression of symptoms but can be managed successfully for
    decades using medications that provide symptomatic relief.

    Most febrile patients have tenderness, redness, and swelling at the site of inflammation, and in this case, the cause of the fever is readily identified.

    In otherwise healthy individuals, fever alone is not a cause for hospitalization unless it is quite high (>39 ºC) or accompanied by shaking, chills, hypotension, a change in the sensorium, or other symptoms suggesting bacteremia.

    Fever, or “pyrexia,” is an elevation of body temperature to a level above normal, i.e., to>37.5 ºC, due to resettings of the thermoregulatory center in the medulla.

    To detect fever, oral, rectal, tympanic membrane, and pulmonary artery measurements are more reliable than axillary temperatures.

    Fever is a useful marker of inflammation; usually the height of the fever reflects the severity of the inflammatory process.

    Anorexia, malaise, myalgias, headache, and other constitutional symptoms often occur concomitantly.

    When the body temperature changes rapidly, chills and sweats are also observed.

    Fever with night sweats is a feature of many chronic inflammatory conditions.

    Hyperthermia is a term for fever due to a disturbance of thermal regulatory control: excessive heat production (e.g., with vigorous exercise or as a reaction to some anesthetics), decreased dissipation (e.g., with dehydration), or loss of regulation (e.g., due to injury to the hypothalmic regulatory center).

    Following removal of IUD’s, there is no delay, regardless of duration of use, in achieving pregnancy at normal rates, which belies the assertion that IUD use is associated with infection leading to infertility.

    Just how intrauterine devices (IUD) act to prevent conception is not known.

    The most widely observed phenomenon is mobilization of leukocytes in response to the presence of the foreign body.

    The leukocytes aggregate around the IUD in the endometrial fluids and mucosa and, to a lesser extent, in the stroma and underlying myometrium.

    It is hypothesized that the leukocytes produce an environment hostile to the fertilized ovum.

    In laboratory animals, this leukocytic infiltration apparently is not dependent on microbial invasion.

    In human beings, the uterine cavity sterilizes itself, usually within 2-4 weeks after the device is inserted.

    Other theories regarding the mechanism of action are spermicidal activity and inhibition of endometrial enzymes with copper devices, disruption of endometrial maturation and inhibition of sperm survival with the progesterone-releasing device, alteration of normal tubal cilial action, and even disruption of normal oocyte maturation.
    Awareness of prenatal diagnosis and screening programs available in a particular region and access to information about new advances in genetic disorders and medical techniques are also necessary.

    When a child is born with multiple congenital anomalies or a family is diagnosed with a genetic disorder, talking with the family is not easy.

    Giving bad news is always difficult, and the information is often somewhat technical.

    However, it is important to provide the family with as much information as possible so that they can make informed decisions.

    Genetic counseling has been defined as “an educational process that seeks to assist affected and/or at risk individuals to understand the nature of a genetic disorder, its transmission and the options
    available to them in management and family planning.”

    Although the task of providing information about genetic diseases is often done by a team of highly trained medical geneticists and genetic
    counselors, the information can also be provided by a family physician, pediatrician, or nurse.

    Genetic counseling must be done based on an understanding of genetic principles, the ability to recognize and diagnose genetic diseases and rare syndromes, and knowledge of the natural history of the disorder and its recurrence risk.

    Indeed, studies have indicated that siblings of a child with a rheumatic
    disease are often more adversely affected psychosocially than the
    patient.

    Several studies have shown that the emotional status of the parents at
    the time of diagnosis of rheumatic disease in their child is one of the
    strongest predictors of treatment outcomes 5-10 years later.

    Treatment of children with rheumatic diseases is complicated.

    The efforts of a team of health care professionals need to be melded into a well-regulated system of care that is individualized to meet the needs of each patient and that is sensitive to the capabilities and psychosocial resources of each family.

    In addition, the rheumatic diseases are not static targets. In each child, disease manifestations vary in severity over time, and treatment needs to be adjusted accordingly.

    The therapeutic program must provide active treatments for currently symptomatic problems, such as arthritis, and must also include appropriate screening methods for often clinically silent problems such as uveitis in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and early nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

    Nor should the treatment regimen focus only on the child with the rheumatic disease.

    When rheumatic disease afflicts a child, all family members are affected.

    This point deserves attention because lung cancer is one cancer that
    can be reduced by decreasing cigarette smoking.

    A decrease has been reported for the third most common cause
    of death,cerebrovascular disease.
    Research conducted in recent years has shown that there are certain causes of death common to both males and females.

    Heart disease in women has gained attention in recent years. More women die of heart disease than men.

    In general, heart disease in males has an earlier onset, by approximately 10 years.

    The later onset in women has been attributed to a protective effect of the female hormones, and accumulating data suggest that estrogen may provide cardiovascular benefits through a wide variety of mechanisms.

    It is possible that heart disease is more related to age than to hormonal status (i.e. menopause).

    As age increases, the male and female death rates approach each other because of a subtle decline in the rate of increase for men.

    Among all ages, malignancy is the number two cause of death.

    Although men are beginning to see a decline in death rates from lung cancer, the lung cancer death rate for women is continuing to climb.
    Life-threatening hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and acidosis may develop rapidly; thus, electrolyte and acid-base status must be carefully monitored.
    In the management of acute tubulary necrosis, it is crucial to identify and treat the underlying disease process, with the aim of preventing progression to parenchymal renal disease.

    It is also important to distinguish between extrarenal azotemia and acute parenchymal renal failure.

    The former may result from congestive heart failure, hypovolemia, infection, trauma, hemorrhage, and urinary tract obstruction.

    In acute renal failure, volume correction should always precede the use of diuretics, with the exception of mannitol, which is a volume expander and an osmotic diuretic.

    Mannitol may reduce swelling of the endothelial cells and thus improve renal blood flow.

    If the patient is volume expanded and not hypotensive, then mannitol is contraindicated and furosemide is the diuretic of choice.

    During the oliguric phase, fluids should be restricted to avoid hypertension and pulmonary edema.

    The efficacy of hormonal therapy for recurrent bleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasia remains uncertain.

    Researchers investigated the efficacy of long-term estrogen -progesteron therapy in the prevention of rebleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasia.

    Seventy-two noncirrhotic patients bleeding from gastrointestinal angiodysplasia confirmed by endoscopy and angiography were
    randomized to receive in double-blind conditions treatment with ethinylestradiol plus norethisterone or placebo for a minimum period of 1 year.

    Four patients could not be assessed because they did not attend the first follow-up visit.

    Failure of treatment occurred in 13 of 33 patients in the treatment group and in 16 of 35 patients in the placebo group.

    No significant differences between groups were found according to number of bleeding episodes and transfusional requirements.

    Severe adverse events and mortality were similar between the treatment and placebo groups.
    Although you won’t be able to hear it yet, the motion of your baby’s beating heart may be detected with an ultrasound exam.

    With these changes, blood circulation begins — making the circulatory system the first functioning organ system.

    Week 6: The neural tube closes

    Your baby at week six (four weeks after conception)

    Growth is rapid this week. Just four weeks after conception, your baby is about 1/8 of an inch long.

    The neural tube along your baby’s back is now closed, and your baby’s heart is beating with a regular rhythm.

    Basic facial features will begin to appear, including an opening for the mouth and passageways that will make up the inner ear.

    The digestive and respiratory systems begin to form as well.

    Small blocks of tissue that will form your baby’s connective tissue, ribs and muscles are developing along your baby’s midline.

    Small buds will soon grow into arms and legs.
    • This will become the neural tube, where your baby’s brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves and backbone will develop.

    • Your baby’s heart and a primitive circulatory system will form in the middle layer of cells — the mesoderm.

    • This layer of cells will also serve as the foundation for your baby’s bones, muscles, kidneys and much of the reproductive system.

    • The inner layer of cells — the endoderm — will become a simple tube lined with mucous membranes. Your baby’s lungs, intestines and bladder will develop here.

    Week 5: Baby’s heart begins to beat

    • Your baby at week five (three weeks after conception)

    • At week five, your baby is 1/17 of an inch long — about the size of the tip of a pen.

    • This week, your baby’s heart and circulatory system are taking shape.

    • Your baby’s blood vessels will complete a circuit, and his or her heart will begin to beat.

    • When it reaches your uterus, the blastocyst will burrow into the uterine wall for nourishment.

    • The placenta, which will nourish your baby throughout the pregnancy, also begins to form.

    • By the end of this week, you may be celebrating a positive pregnancy test.

    Week 4: The embryonic period begins

    • The fourth week marks the beginning of the embryonic period, when the baby’s brain, spinal cord, heart and other organs begin to form.

    • Your baby is now 1/25 of an inch long.

    • The embryo is now made of three layers.

    • The top layer — the ectoderm — will give rise to a groove along the midline of your baby’s body.

    • The zygote has 46 chromosomes — 23 from you and 23 from your partner.

    • These chromosomes contain genetic material that will determine your baby’s sex and traits such as eye color, hair color, height, facial features and — at least to some extent — intelligence and personality.

    • Soon after fertilization, the zygote travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus.

    • At the same time, it will begin dividing rapidly to form a cluster of cells resembling a tiny raspberry.

    • The inner group of cells will become the embryo.

    • The outer group of cells will become the membranes that nourish and protect it.

    Week 3: Implantation

    • The zygote — by this time made up of about 500 cells — is now known as a blastocyst.
    Week 1: Getting ready

    • It may seem strange, but you’re not actually pregnant the first week or two of the time allotted to your pregnancy.

    • Yes, you read that correctly!

    • Conception typically occurs about two weeks after your period begins.

    • To calculate your due date, your health care provider will count ahead 40 weeks from the start of your last period.

    • This means your period is counted as part of your pregnancy — even though you weren’t pregnant at the time.

    Week 2: Fertilization

    • The sperm and egg unite in one of your fallopian tubes to form a one-celled entity called a zygote.

    • If more than one egg is released and fertilized, you may have multiple zygotes.

    Fetal development: What happens during the first trimester?
    • Fetal development: What happens during the first trimester?

    • Fetal development begins before you even know you’re pregnant.

    • Here’s a weekly calendar of events for the first trimester of pregnancy.

    • You’re pregnant.

    • Congratulations! You’ll undoubtedly spend the months ahead wondering how your baby is growing and developing.

    • What does your baby look like? How big is he or she?

    • When will you hear the heartbeat?

    • Fetal development typically follows a predictable course.

    • To help answer some of these questions, check out this weekly calendar of events for your baby’s first three months in the womb.
    • The goal of this study was to determine the quality-of-life benefit derived from adult tonsillectomy and the specific impact of tonsillectomy on antibiotic use, frequency of physician visits, and workdays missed.

    Tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the United States.

    Traditionally, recommendation for tonsillectomy in adults has depended primarily on the frequency of the acute episodes of tonsillitis in the setting of recurrent (chronic) disease.

    Recent clinical indicators specify that patients with 3 or more infections of the tonsils and/or adenoids per year, despite adequate medical therapy, may be considered candidates for tonsillectomy.

    In addition, chronic or recurrent tonsillitis associated with the
    streptococcal carrier state may be considered an appropriate indication for tonsillectomy.

    In reality, however, quality-of-life assessments and patient preferences often influence or temper traditional guidelines in deciding whether to recommend tonsillectomy for adult patients with chronic tonsillitis.

    The efficacy of tonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis in children has been well-studied, but similar data are lacking for adults.

    Polypseudophakia, also known as two piggyback intraocular lens (IOL)
    implantation, was first described in a case of extreme hypermetropia in
    a nanophthalmic eye undergoing cataract surgery.

    A a +46 dioptres IOL was not available, two IOLs were used with the
    first plano-convex lens implanted within the capsular bag (plano side
    facing anteriorly) and the second implanted in ciliary sulcus (plano side
    facing posteriorly).

    Foldable piggyback IOLs have the added adventage of increased depth
    of focus due to mutal compression of central opical zone of the
    implants.

    Primary polypseudophakia (primary implantation of two or more
    İntraocular lenses at the time of cataract removal) has been used
    not only in short hypermetropic eyes after cataract surgery but also
    after refractive lensectomy, in myopic keratoconic eyes with cataract,
    and for the correction of paediatric aphakia.

    Secondary polypseudophakia has been used for the correction of
    refractive errors after cataract surgery.
    • Structure of the Heart

    • If you looked inside your heart, you would see that a wall of muscle divides it down the middle, into a left half and a right half.

    • The muscular wall is called a septum.

    • The septum is solid so that blood cannot flow back and forth between the left and right halves of the heart.

    • Another wall separates the rounded top part of the heart from the cone-shaped bottom part.

    • So there are actually four chambers (spaces) inside the heart. Each top chamber is called an atrium (plural: atria).

    • The bottom chambers are called ventricles.

    • The atria are often referred to as holding chambers, while the ventricles are called pumping chambers.

    • Thus, each side of the heart forms its own separate system, a right heart and a left heart.

    • Each half consists of an atrium and a ventricle, and blood can flow from the top chamber to the bottom chamber, or ventricle, but not between the two sides.

    Circulatory Sytem
    Location of the Heart

    • The center of the circulatory system is the heart, which is the main pumping mechanism. The heart is made of muscle.

    • The heart is shaped something like a cone, with a pointed bottom and a round top. It is hollow so that it can fill up with blood.

    • An adult’s heart is about the size of a large orange and weighs a little less than a pound.

    • The heart is in the middle of the chest. It fits snugly between the two lungs.

    • It is held in place by the blood vessels that carry the blood to and from its chambers.

    • The heart is tipped somewhat so that there is a little more of it on the left side than on the right.

    • The pointed tip at the bottom of the heart touches the front wall of the chest.

    • Every time the heart beats it goes “thump” against the chest wall.

    • You can feel the thumps if you press there with your hand. You can also listen to them with your ear.

    Feeding Calf
    • If raising healthy calves were as simple as tossing some food in front of them, every calf would become a healthy, productive cow in your milking string.

    • But nothing’s simple, especially calf-feeding practices.

    • Diligence pays off when it comes to everything from colostrum and starter grain quality to clean feeding equipment.

    Cleaning vs. bacteria control
    • Cleaning calf-feeding equipment should control bacteria growth. If it does, calves are more likely to get clean, nutritious feed and to stay healthy.

    Following four steps ensure thorough cleaning:

    1. Rinse off any organic material – leftover milk or colostrum and manure, urine and dirt in lukewarm water, between 105 and 110 degrees.

    The presence of organic matter rapidly weakens the bacterial destroying ability of chemicals in wash water.

    Short postpartum stays are common.

    Current guidlines provide scant guidance on how routine
    follow-up of newly discharged mother-infants pairs should be performed.

    The aim of this study is to compare 2 short-term (within 72 hours of
    discharged) follow-up strategies for low-risk mother-infant pairs with
    postpartum lenght of stay of <48 hours:
    Home visits by a nurse and hospital-based follow-up anchored
    in group visits.

    Researchers used a radomized clinical trial design with
    intention-to-treat analysis in a integrated managed care setting.

    Mother-infant pairs that met lenght of stay and risk criteria were
    randomized to the control group (hospital-based follow-up) or to
    the intervention group (home nurse visit).

    Clinical utilization and costs were studied using computerized
    databases and chart rewiev.

    Breastfeeding continuation, maternal depressive symptoms, and
    maternal satisfaction were assesed at 2 weeks postpartum.

    #84975
    blanklipikas
    Üye

    thanks ;)

    #86545

    nice :p

    #86614
    blankvetisa
    Üye

    thanks:bravo:

    #86846
    blankthujon
    Üye

    very nice

    #87241

    thnxxxx

    #89777

    bilgi için tesekkürler

    #96255
    blankkubik
    Üye

    thanks :)

    #97204
    blankSinan19
    Üye

    Arkadaşlar bunun Çevirisinin alabirmiyiz please:sm_cry:

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